Studies and Research in Onomastics and Lexicology
Journal Title: Studies and Research in Onomastics and Lexicology (SCOL) Original Title: Studii şi cercetări de onomastică şi lexicologie (SCOL) Address: University of Craiova, 13-15 A.I. Cuza Street, 200585, Dolj, Romania ISSN: 2065-7161 ISSN online: 2247-7330 Frequency: Annual (1 Issue per Year) Type of publication: Scientific/Academic Indexing: ERIH+ Studies and Research in Onomastics and Lexicology (SCOL), an annual publication since 2008. As constant fields of interest for linguists, onomastics and lexicology reflect the unity and diversity of language, both synchronically and diachronically. In SCOL, the two domains are delimitated, although their interference is often obvious. The journal contains articles, book reviews and presentations, thus offering the opportunity for Romanian as well as foreign philologists (researchers, teachers, doctoral and master’s students) to highlight onomastic and lexicological issues in the European space. Under the heading Academica, one can find updated information on national and international scientific events, on topics related to onomastics, lexicology and terminology. Under the heading Recent publications, readers can find out the latest publications in these domains, as well as in related fields.
ˇEditura Universitaria, Craiova, România
How Food Affects Physical and Mental Development in People
Because it supplies the building blocks for healthy brain, body, and circulatory systems, nutrition is crucial to a person's maturation and development. At every age, from childhood and youth through adulthood and old age, healthy eating is essential. Growth, tissue repair, immunological function, brain development, and energy production are all aided by a balanced intake of water, carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. the role of nutrition in maturation and examines the impact of nutritional status on health and wellness as a whole. How macronutrients and micronutrients work biologically to keep the body running smoothly and to aid in growth and development. A child's physical development, mental maturation, and immune system are all greatly aided by a healthy diet in the early years. A person's capacity to develop, learn, function metabolically, and resist illness can be severely impaired by malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, or poor eating habits. Additionally, the effects of sedentary lifestyles, high intake of processed foods, and nutritional imbalance on human growth and development are covered in the study.
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The Problem of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics
A major public health concern in the modern period has been the rise of antibiotic resistance. This phenomenon happens when bacteria acquire the ability to persist and reproduce even when medications that were once helpful against illnesses are no longer used. Many illnesses have become more difficult to cure due to the rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains caused by the excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human healthcare, agriculture, and animal husbandry. investigates potential solutions to the problem of antibiotic resistance in bacteria by delving into its causes, effects, and molecular mechanisms. the part played by bacterial adaptability, biofilm formation, genetic mutations, and horizontal gene transfer in the emergence of resistance. Discussed as serious dangers to healthcare systems around the world are common resistant bacteria such drug-resistant Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The effects of antibiotic resistance on healthcare expenditures, mortality, rates of hospitalization, and illness management are also examined in the article.
Viral Diseases and Global Public Health Challenges
The fast transmission, extensive outbreaks, and substantial effects on human health, economics, and healthcare systems make viral illnesses among the most grave dangers to world public health. Microorganisms known as viruses rely on cells in their hosts to replicate and stay alive. Major epidemics and pandemics have occurred throughout history due to virus-borne diseases like influenza, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, dengue, hepatitis, and COVID-19. the ins and outs of viral diseases from a biological perspective and examines the worldwide public health issues linked to managing, preventing, and controlling these infections. The study of viral structure, replication, transmission, and replication processes with an emphasis on how urbanization, climate change, international travel, and population density contribute to the fast spread of viral illnesses. Additionally, it delves into how vaccine reluctance, disinformation, weak healthcare systems, and restricted access to medical resources contribute to the global burden of viral infections. how widespread viral outbreaks impact communities and nations socially, economically, and psychologically.
In the Field of Medical Microbiology: New Developments
The fast-growing discipline of medical microbiology investigates the microbes that cause human illness and looks for ways to diagnose, prevent, and treat it. New diagnostic tools, antimicrobial treatments, genetic studies, and healthcare solutions based on biotechnology have emerged as a result of recent scientific and technological developments, which have profoundly altered medical microbiology. examines the current and future directions of medical microbiology and how they will affect healthcare delivery, illness prevention, and public health. scientific advancements including microbiome investigations, molecular diagnostics, PCR, genomic sequencing, AI for microbial analysis, research on antibiotic resistance, vaccine creation, and artificial intelligence. The demand for quick diagnostic tools and cutting-edge treatment strategies has been magnified by the proliferation of new infectious illnesses, MDR-pathogens, and worldwide pandemics. the expanding role of immunotherapy, nanotechnology, bioinformatics, and individualized medicine in the study and treatment of microbes.
Approaches and Difficulties in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions using the Chemistry of Carbon Capture
Because carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are a major contributor to climate change and global warming, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is crucial for mitigating these impacts. chemical components of CO2 removal from air and industrial pollutants, with a focus on the many techniques used for this purpose. These techniques, which include oxy-fuel combustion procedures, post-combustion, and pre-combustion, use chemical solvents, adsorbents, and membranes to withdraw CO2. potential novel approaches to the large-scale removal of CO2, such as direct air capture (DAC) and biological technology. Despite technological advancements, other challenges, such as energy demands, cost, scalability, and long-term storage stability, continue to impede the widespread adoption of CCS. Social and environmental acceptability, regulatory and legislative frameworks, and other related subjects are also covered. The potential of carbon capture as a significant strategy in the global battle against climate change and the reduction of CO2 emissions can be better understood by examining these approaches and barriers.
The Role of Ionic Liquids in Industrial and Chemical Processes
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a type of salt that has recently attracted a lot of attention because of its outstanding thermal stability, low volatility, and exceptional solvation capabilities. There are numerous chemical and industrial processes that can benefit from ILs because of their many favorable features. the effects of ionic liquids on chemical processes, especially as environmentally friendly solvents, catalysts, and carriers of various substances. The usage of ILs can reduce energy consumption and hazardous waste while improving selectivity, response rates, and operational sustainability. Their ability to dissolve both polar and nonpolar substances has numerous uses, including electrochemistry, biomass processing, and catalysis. The article goes on to discuss the current research underway to find solutions to the problems associated with ILs, including their price, toxicity, and non-recyclability, as well as their performance in industrial settings. This section of the article focuses on the role of ionic liquids in developing greener and more efficient chemical processes that may find use in renewable energy, medicines, and petrochemicals.
Organic Catalysis: Workings, Uses, and Emerging Directions
Catalysis is an important technique in organic chemistry because it can accelerate chemical reactions, make them more selective, and simplify industrial processes. A wide range of organic transformations are explored in this comprehensive study of catalysis, which covers topics such as the mechanics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. Enzymes, organocatalysts, or metal-based catalysts enable a wide variety of processes, including hydrogenation, oxidation, polymerization, and catalytic isomerization. The pharmaceutical and petrochemical sectors, among others, are significantly impacted by these catalysts. the growing interest in environmentally friendly catalysis, which seeks to develop long-term catalytic processes that minimize damage to the planet by cutting down on energy use and waste. Nanocatalysts, biocatalysis's incorporation with more traditional technology, and the creation of more effective catalysts are also addressed. These developments show promise for enhancing the selectivity, efficiency, and sustainability of chemical processes; they may also pave the way for new applications in the production of renewable energy sources, fine chemicals, and biofuels. talking about the opportunities and challenges of catalysis as a field, highlighting its critical role in organic chemistry's advancement and meeting the demands of a sustainable future.
Green Chemistry: Sustainable Approaches in Chemical Synthesis and Industrial Applications
A lot of people are curious about "green chemistry" these days; this field aims to create chemical products and processes that use less or no toxic substances. environmentally friendly methods of chemical synthesis and their practical uses in industry, with a focus on cost-effective waste reduction strategies. Learn about renewable feedstocks, energy efficiency, waste reduction, and safer solvent applications—the four cornerstones of green chemistry—as they relate to chemical processes in industry in this article. Green catalytic processes have recently seen a plethora of advancements, such as new catalysts that utilize less energy while producing more. Since current methods in these large-scale commercial applications produce enormous amounts of waste and resources, the pharmaceutical, polymer, and energy production industries are ideal candidates for green chemistry. Use of case studies to illustrate effective green chemistry initiatives emphasizes sustainable chemical synthesis, process intensification, and waste reduction. Finally, we will discuss the challenges and possible solutions related to green chemistry application in the corporate sector. To build a chemical industry that is less harmful to the environment, it demands constant innovation, support from regulators, and collaboration between public and private organizations.
Novel Nanomaterials: Production, Characteristics, and Catalytic Uses
There has been a lot of recent interest in nanomaterials due to their remarkable properties, which are a consequence of their small size, vast surface area, and enhanced reactivity compared to bulk materials. Their exceptional characteristics make them useful in various applications; one of the most prominent is catalysis, where they shorten reaction durations, improve selectivity, and lower energy demands. about the most recent developments in the production, properties, and uses of nanomaterials in catalytic processes. Chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel techniques, and hydrothermal synthesis are some of the methods for synthesizing nanomaterials that are discussed, with an emphasis on controlling their size, shape, and surface characteristics to tailor their catalytic behavior. In order to enhance selectivity and catalytic activity, researchers are exploring the reactive intermediate stabilization capabilities, quantum effects, and high surface-to-volume ratios of nanomaterials. The utilization of nanomaterials is on the rise in numerous fields, including catalysis. Fuel cells and hydrogen generation are two examples of energy production methods; pollutant degradation and CO₂ capture are two examples of environmental protection methods; and polymerization and fine chemical synthesis are two examples of methods used in the chemical industry. this ever-changing field, as well as concerns about the stability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability of catalysts derived from nanomaterials. Nanomaterial advancements may one day allow for a radical rethinking of catalytic processes, opening the door to more efficient, sustainable, and environmentally benign chemical reactions.
Investigation of Electrochemical Reactions for Energy Conversion and Storage
Electrochemical processes are foundational to many cutting-edge energy storage and conversion technologies; they are also critical to the development of sustainable, efficient, and long-lasting renewable energy systems. the significance of electrochemical reactions in energy conversion procedures, such as electrolysis, and energy storage systems, such as fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors. The fundamental ideas of electrochemical reactions, such as electron transport, ion mobility, and redox processes, are explored in this article with the aim of increasing the capacity, efficiency, and lifetime of energy storage. the latest innovations in electrochemistry, demonstrating success with high-performance supercapacitors and electrochemical capacitors, as well as progress in battery chemistry, encompassing flow, solid-state, and lithium-ion batteries. The article also discusses electrochemical energy conversion methods, with an eye on how these can pave the way for greener, more sustainable power generation. Hydrogen synthesis using water electrolysis and power generation using fuel cells are two examples of these techniques. As an added bonus, we supply solutions that are efficient, scalable, durable, and inexpensive. Finally, the study demonstrates that electrochemical processes are critical for building highly efficient, scalable energy systems and for generating worldwide sustainable energy solutions.
New Methods for Filtering Water and the Effects of Chemical Pollutants on the Environment
When chemical pollutants make it into water sources, they constitute a serious danger to ecosystems and people. Untreated effluent, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste contaminating freshwater resources has many detrimental effects, including worsening water quality, increasing the prevalence of water-borne illnesses, and posing serious dangers to aquatic ecosystems. hazardous substances, particularly those that have a history of affecting the endocrine system, such as heavy metals, pesticides, medications, and others with a comparable profile. Worse yet, these contaminants bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, posing a threat to public and environmental health in the long run. Furthermore, the essay explores the subject of new water filtering methods that are being developed to lessen the effect of these contaminants. Bioremediation, membrane filtration, nanotechnology, and improved oxidation processes are just a few of the new and promising methods for purifying dirty water. Developed or underdeveloped countries do not matter when it comes to solutions that are scalable, affordable, and sustainable. challenges that can arise from using these technologies, including power needs, waste management, and secondary pollution. This study examines the present and future of water purification, drawing attention to the urgent need for innovative approaches to counteract the growing threat of chemical contamination to our precious water supplies.
The Intersection of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry via Chemical Reactions in Living Systems
Metabolic processes, gene expression, and signal transduction are all vital to biological systems that depend on chemical reactions for their power. The intricate molecular connections observed in living things are greatly influenced by the principles of biochemistry and organic chemistry. There are many different kinds of reactions that organic compounds can go through in these areas, and the end result is either new molecules or the modification or breakdown of existing ones. chemical reactions play an essential role in living systems, and they are connected to organic and biochemical processes. We examine enzymatic catalysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and DNA/RNA synthesis, three crucial physiological processes, and discuss how organic chemistry governs them. New knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that drive these events has opened doors to better treatments, metabolic engineering, and pharmaceutical discovery. Furthermore, the study delves into the challenges of comprehending biological chemical reactions, encompassing their intricate nature and the constantly evolving environment in which they transpire. In order to bridge the gap between organic chemistry and biochemistry, this study emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary research in obtaining a molecular understanding of life and its applications in health, sickness, and biotechnology.
Bacteria and Their Useful Applications in the Food Industry
Bacteria are essential to the food industry because they help with several processes, including production, fermentation, preservation, flavoring, and nutritional improvement. While certain bacteria are dangerous and can lead to illnesses or food spoiling, many helpful bacteria have favorable biological and biochemical features and are therefore extensively used in industrial food preparation. This study takes a look at the ways bacteria are useful in the food industry and how they contribute to food safety, productivity, and people's health. bacteria's function in the fermentation processes that provide foods and drinks like curd, yogurt, cheese, pickles, vinegar, bread, and fermented drinks. The significance of lactic acid bacteria, such as Streptococcus and Lactobacillus species, in enhancing the nutritional content, texture, flavor, and shelf life of food is highlighted. In addition to discussing probiotic foods, enzymes, food preservation, and biotechnology-based food processing, the article delves into the various uses of bacteria in these areas.
The Design and Implementation of Rainwater Harvesting Systems for the Conservation of Urban Water Resources
In order to solve the growing water scarcity in metropolitan areas, rainwater harvesting, also known as RWH, has evolved as a solution that is both effective and sustainable. Conventional water resources have been subjected to substantial strain as a result of rapid urbanization, population growth, and rising demand for water. As a result, alternative water management measures have become vital. This design and installation of rainwater harvesting systems for the purpose of implementing urban sustainability initiatives. There are many different components that make up RWH systems, like as catchment regions, conveyance systems, filtering units, storage structures, and recharge mechanisms. For example, rainfall patterns, roof characteristics, water demand, and site circumstances are some of the aspects that are taken into consideration when analyzing the various design options. The effectiveness and efficacy of runoff harvesting systems in urban contexts, including those installed on rooftops and on surfaces. Various areas of implementation, including system installation, maintenance procedures, and cost considerations, are explored in order to guarantee that the implementation is applicable in practice. Rainwater harvesting plays an important role in lowering reliance on groundwater, limiting the effects of urban flooding, and increasing the amount of water that is available for residential and non-potable applications such as irrigation.
The Response of High-Strength Concrete to Very High Stresses
Thanks to its improved mechanical qualities, such as high compressive strength, reduced permeability, and durability, high-strength concrete (HSC) has become an important material in contemporary building. A crucial area of research, however, is how it behaves when subjected to high temperatures, blast loads, seismic pressures, and impact loads. Under these harsh circumstances, this research looks on the structural reaction and failure features of HSC. Comparison of HSC to regular concrete with regard to stress-strain behavior, cracking patterns, and failure modes. To evaluate it in situations of high-intensity, dynamic loading, both experimental and numerical methods are used. By simulating real-world conditions and capturing nonlinear material behavior, advanced modeling approaches, such as finite element analysis, are employed. The results show that high-strength concrete (HSC) has greater strength and stiffness than regular concrete, but it is more brittle and can break suddenly under specific stresses. When it comes to applications that require energy absorption and deformation capability, such earthquake-resistant constructions, the lower ductility of HSC presents a barrier. Fiber reinforcement and hybrid materials that increase toughness and ductility are solutions to this problem.
A Sustainable Approach to Soil Stabilization Through the Use of Industrial Waste Materials
Improving the strength, durability, and overall performance of weak or problematic soils is the primary goal of soil stabilization, an essential civil engineering practice. The use of recyclable and non-hazardous industrial waste in soil stabilization has been more popular as a green and economical option in recent years. the possibility of improving soil qualities using a variety of industrial waste materials, including fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, ash from rice husks, and trash from building and demolition. The efficiency of these substances in enhancing important soil properties, such as bearing capacity, shear strength, compaction, and permeability. To evaluate the effectiveness of stabilized soils in various environments, studies are carried out both in the lab and through experimental analysis. The physical and chemical interactions between garbage and soil that help to strengthen the binding and lessen the flexibility of the soil. By encouraging the reuse of waste goods, the integration of industrial waste materials not only improves soil stability but also decreases environmental contamination. Construction expenses and carbon emissions can be reduced with the use of these materials since they reduce the demand for conventional stabilizers like lime and cement. By decreasing landfill disposal and saving natural resources, the use of such trash also contributes to sustainable development.
Using Numerical Models and Remote Sensing Data, We Can Evaluate the Stability of Slopes
In areas vulnerable to soil erosion and landslides, geotechnical engineers must prioritize slope stability assessments. The security of infrastructure and the reduction of economic and environmental damages depend on precise assessments of slope behavior. the evaluation of slope stability by means of state-of-the-art numerical modeling approaches combined with data collected via remote sensing. numerical techniques, including finite element and limit equilibrium analysis, to model the behavior of slopes under different circumstances, such as changes in soil qualities, groundwater levels, and external loading. Terrain features, land use, vegetation cover, and moisture conditions can be better understood with the help of geographic information systems (GIS) and satellite photography, two examples of remote sensing tools. A thorough and data-driven evaluation of slope stability is made possible by integrating these technologies. In order to determine possible areas of failure and the likelihood of landslides, important factors such rainfall patterns, slope geometry, soil stratification, and factor of safety are examined. How early warning systems and real-time monitoring can improve slope management.
Evaluation of Urban Air Pollution Control Measures
The fast industrialization, urbanization, and increase of vehicle emissions have made air pollution a huge public health and environmental problem in cities. Damage to ecosystems, human health, and the standard of living as a whole is a direct result of air pollution. this study aims to investigate the efficacy and sustainability of different air pollution management measures applied in metropolitan settings. Transportation, industry, building, and household emissions are some of the main causes of urban air pollution that the study investigates. Emission limits, public transit advocacy, cleaner fuel usage, green infrastructure development, and cutting-edge pollution control technology are some of the control approaches examined. Changes in air quality indicators such particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) are evaluated using data from monitoring stations, satellite observations, and environmental reports. The report also highlights the benefits and drawbacks of regulatory systems and policy measures that try to lower pollution levels. The importance of public knowledge, urban planning, and technology advancements in enhancing air quality is highlighted. Best practices and effective methods are identified through comparative examination of different urban locations.
Marginal Discourse and Strategies of Textual Resistance in the Postcolonial Algerian Novel
Textual marginalia are an ancient typographical phenomenon that has appeared across various forms of discourse and literary genres. They constitute one of the paratextual elements that facilitate the understanding, interpretation, and reconstruction of a text through renewed readings. Marginal discourse has become one of the prominent features of contemporary Arabic narrative, although it appeared only modestly in earlier narrative texts. As a manifestation of literary experimentation and modernity, marginal discourse seeks to revive an adjacent text that interacts with the main body through dialogue, intertextuality, imagination, and the representation of background knowledge and cultural references. Through these references, the writer invites readers to participate in decoding and reconstructing the text after unraveling its cultural, referential, and artistic codes. This parallel discourse also aims to broaden the reader's horizon and transcend the conventional boundaries of the text.
Architectural Solutions for Affordable and Long-Lasting Communities in Resilient Urban Housing
Rapid urbanization, population growth, climate change, and rising social and economic inequality have made the need for cheap, long-lasting, and strong housing even greater around the world. There are a lot of problems in many cities, like not enough homes, bad infrastructure, damage to the environment, and more people being at risk of flooding, heatwaves, earthquakes, and storms. Most of the time, traditional housing models do not deal with these complicated issues. This shows how important it is to come up with new ways to build homes that are both affordable and good for the environment and the climate. Resilient urban housing has become a complete solution that makes communities better able to handle environmental, economic, and social problems while also providing safe, welcoming, and resource-efficient places to live. Architectural solutions for building strong urban housing that helps make communities affordable and long-lasting. It looks at some of the most important ideas in resilient housing design, such as architecture that adapts to changing climates, energy-efficient building systems, sustainable building materials, modular and prefabricated construction, passive design strategies, water conservation, integrating renewable energy, and disaster-resistant structural systems. How digital technologies like Building Information Modeling (BIM), Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and smart building management systems can help make homes better at using resources wisely and lasting a long time.
Literary Critical Theory in al-Andalus between Innovation and Tradition: Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi as a Model
Throughout its long history, al-Andalus witnessed a rich literary, linguistic, and critical movement. At times, this movement reflected complete dependence on the literary and scholarly activity of the Mashriq, while at other times it represented an attempt to assert its own identity and a tendency toward establishing a distinct literary and intellectual achievement in the face of the increasingly dominant and expansive Mashriqi influence. This concern constituted a persistent dilemma for Andalusian writers and intellectuals, who frequently voiced their complaints about this Eastern cultural invasion and about the inclination toward submission and dependence among the general population of al-Andalus, including common people, writers, and thinkers. Ibn Hazm al-Zahiri represents one of the prominent figures of Arab-Islamic thought, literature, and philosophy. He was a polymath scholar and the author of an extensive intellectual legacy in the fields of legal theory, jurisprudence, language, literature, history, and logic. In addition, he was a critic distinguished by exceptional originality, uniqueness, and controversy among Andalusian critics, despite not being widely recognized as a leading literary critic within Andalusian critical circles and despite not having devoted independent works specifically to his critical views and insights. His critical opinions constitute a significant exercise in critical reasoning, making it difficult for most scholars of literary criticism to overlook them or refrain from examining them and exploring their intellectual and philosophical foundations.
New Trends in Digital Fabrication and Complex Building Forms in Parametric Design and Computational Architecture
The quick growth of digital technologies has totally changed the way buildings are designed. Now, it is possible to build new, highly efficient, and geometrically complex structures that were impossible to imagine or build the old way. Because they combine algorithmic thinking, computational modeling, and digital fabrication, parametric design and computational architecture are very useful tools that have changed the way we make and build things. Parametric design, on the other hand, sets up changing connections between design factors, which is different from traditional design methods. This lets architects use computer programs to create, change, and make better a lot of different design options. It is now easier to make architectural solutions that are responsive, flexible, and focused on performance thanks to this feature. It has also helped with getting the designs right, building quickly, and making the best use of the materials. What role do computational architecture and parametric design play in shaping new trends in digital manufacturing and building shapes that are hard to understand? the main ideas behind generative algorithms, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Building Performance Simulation (BPS), and digital fabrication technologies such as 3D printing, CNC machining, robotic construction, and parametric modeling. This study looks into how these technologies help with designing and building complex geometries, make construction more accurate, reduce waste, and support green building practices.
The Endings of the Seven Mu‘allaqāt – A Descriptive and Analytical Study –
This study aims to examine the endings of the Seven Mu‘allaqāt by investigating the extent to which they achieve the quality sought by classical critics and conform to the general pre-Islamic literary taste. To this end, the study identifies the dominant theme of each Mu‘allaqa and considers its formal aspects as well, in order to determine whether the ending is appropriate to the subject matter. It then evaluates these endings in terms of both form and content.
Universal Design Principles in Public Architecture: Making Built Environments More Accessible and Open to Everyone
The rising focus on human rights, equal opportunities, and social inclusion has had a big impact on modern architecture, drawing more attention to the creation of buildings that are accessible and include everyone. People of all ages and abilities need to be able to access education, healthcare, transportation, government services, recreation, and cultural activities equally. Public buildings and urban spaces are very important for making this possible. But many public places still have physical, emotional, and mental barriers that make it hard for people to participate on their own, especially disabled people, older adults, children, and people who are temporarily unable to move around. Universal Design is a broad approach to architecture that aims to get rid of these problems by making spaces that are safe, usable, and convenient for everyone, without the need for special modifications or separate design solutions. putting Universal Design ideas into practice in public architecture, with a focus on making spaces more accessible and welcoming for everyone. this book talks about the ideas behind Universal Design and how they can be used in public buildings, transportation hubs, schools, hospitals, government offices, parks, and other places people like to hang out.
The ḥammām as a Cultural Heritage: Comparative Perspectives on Architectural Terminology and Cultural Practices in the Mediterranean and Central Asian Contexts of Tlemcen and Bukhara
This article examines the ḥammām as both an architectural institution and a space of cultural memory through a comparative study of bathhouses in Tlemcen (Algeria) and Bukhara (Uzbekistan). While previous research has primarily focused on construction techniques, hydraulic systems, urban integration, and typological classifications, less attention has been paid to how architectural terminology, spatial experience, and cultural practices interact in the production and transmission of collective memory. The central problem guiding this research is how the architectural terms related to the bathhouse reflect distinct conceptions of space. and how this terminology contributes to the preservation of cultural memory within Islamic societies? The study adopts a qualitative interdisciplinary methodology combining architectural history, phenomenology, lexical analysis, and ethnographic inquiry. The research corpus comprises historical descriptions, endowment documents, architectural surveys, archeological studies, historical dictionaries, dialect vocabularies, ethnographic descriptions, and scholarly works on Islamic bathhouses in the Mediterranean and Central Asian regions. The ethnographic dimension of the study draws on oral testimonies and vernacular narratives related to bathing practices, popular beliefs, ritual traditions and collective memory associated with the traditional bathhouse. The comparative analysis reveals that, despite geographical distance and regional variations, the bathhouses of Tlemcen and Bukhara share a common spatial logic structured around a progressive sequence of transitional spaces linking cold, warm, and hot spaces. Movement through these spaces creates a gradual transformation of bodily and sensory experience, while architectural elements such as domes, filtered light, water basins, and intermediary thresholds contribute to a symbolic process of purification as a fluid and dynamic environment in which circulation, visibility, and ritual practices are as important as architecture itself. Beyond its physical organization, the ḥammām emerges as a significant space of cultural memory. Ritual practices, oral narratives, popular beliefs, life-cycle ceremonies, and vernacular language preserve and transmit collective memory across generations. In both Tlemcen and Bukhara, the bathhouses operate as a liminal space mediating multiple oppositions, including purity and impurity, private and collective life, everyday practice and sacred symbolism. The study argues that architectural vocabulary constitutes an integral component of intangible cultural heritage because it encodes local understandings of space, social relations, and embodied experience. By integrating spatial analysis with linguistic anthropology and memory studies, this research highlights the importance of preserving not only historic bathhouse structures but also the linguistic and cultural traditions through which their meanings continue to be interpreted, transmitted, and remembered.
Climate-Responsive Architecture Uses Passive Design Methods to Save Energy in Tropical Areas.
The need for sustainable architectural solutions has grown because of rising energy costs, rapid urbanization, and the effects of climate change. This is especially true in tropical areas where high temperatures, humidity, and solar radiation make cooling and ventilation very energy intensive. Conventional building designs often rely too much on mechanical air conditioning systems, which raises the cost of running the building and releases a lot of greenhouse gases. By using passive design methods to adapt building design to local climate conditions, climate-responsive architecture has become a popular way to cut down on energy use. Passive design strategies make indoor temperatures more comfortable by using natural resources like sunlight, wind, plants, and thermal mass. They do this while reducing the need for artificial energy systems. how passive design techniques used in climate-responsive architecture can help people in tropical areas save energy. It talks about important architectural strategies like courtyard planning, roof design, landscape integration, natural ventilation, daylight optimization, solar shading, thermal insulation, building orientation, and using sustainable building materials that are available in the area.
Audit Committee Characteristics and Audit Quality
The audit committee plays a pivotal role in strengthening corporate governance by overseeing financial reporting, internal controls, risk management, and the external audit process. The effectiveness of an audit committee largely depends on its characteristics, including independence, financial expertise, committee size, meeting frequency, and diligence, which collectively influence the quality of auditing and the reliability of financial reporting. This study examines the relationship between audit committee characteristics and audit quality by evaluating how these governance attributes affect auditor independence, financial reporting quality, internal control effectiveness, and stakeholder confidence. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to audit committee members, external auditors, internal auditors, finance managers, and corporate executives across selected organizations. Appropriate statistical techniques were used to analyze the relationship between audit committee characteristics and audit quality. audit committees with greater independence, higher levels of financial expertise, regular meetings, and active oversight significantly improve audit quality by strengthening auditor independence, enhancing internal controls, reducing financial reporting errors, and promoting compliance with regulatory requirements. Furthermore, effective audit committees contribute to improved corporate transparency, reduced fraud risk, and greater investor confidence. The study concludes that well-structured audit committees are essential for ensuring high-quality auditing and effective corporate governance. The findings provide valuable insights for corporate boards, regulators, policymakers, audit professionals, and researchers seeking to strengthen governance frameworks through effective audit committee practices
The Effects of Generative AI Assistance on Receptive Discourse Analysis: A Study of First-Year French as a Foreign Language (FFL) Students at the University of Bordj Bou Arréridj, Algeria
Receptive discourse analysis examines the processes through which readers construct meaning from a text. The rapid development of generative AI conversational assistants is reshaping these processes by introducing algorithmic mediation between the reader and the text. This study, conducted with 77 first-year students of French as a Foreign Language (FFL) in the Department of French at Mohamed El Bachir El Ibrahimi University of Bordj Bou Arréridj, compares the effects of two instructional conditions across four dimensions assessed using an analytical rubric. The findings indicate that generative AI assistance enhances linguistic decoding while diminishing inferential skills and language autonomy. The article discusses these effects and explores pedagogical strategies for achieving a balanced integration of generative AI into university language teaching.
Smart Computers and Building Information Modeling (BIM) Are Altering How Buildings Are Planned and Built.
There is a big digital change happening in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry because AI and Building Information Modeling (BIM) are being used together. Traditional architectural design and construction processes often face challenges such as fragmented project coordination, design inefficiencies, cost overruns, construction delays, and inadequate lifecycle management. When AI and BIM come together, they create a game-changing solution that makes it easier for people to work together, speeds up complicated tasks, helps people make better decisions, and raises the performance of buildings throughout the whole project lifecycle. AI-enabled BIM is changing how buildings are planned, designed, built, run, and managed by combining smart data analysis with digital building models. artificial intelligence and building information modeling are changing the way buildings are designed and built. machine learning, computer vision, generative design, natural language processing, predictive analytics, robotics, and intelligent automation are some of the AI technologies that are being used in the construction business.
The Principle of Proportionality vis-à-vis Military Necessity
The principle of proportionality (PP) is considered one of the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law (IHL). It serves as the standard for balancing the requirements of humanity with military necessity. Any military advantage achieved must not come at the expense of humanitarian considerations. Violating this principle causes unjustified harm to humanity and results in suffering that cannot be legally or morally justified. Accordingly, parties to an armed conflict must adhere to the principle of proportionality to ensure that humanitarian considerations take precedence over any military advantage that may be achieved.
An Evaluation of the Toxicological Effects of Microplastics on Marine Invertebrates
As a result of the alarming proliferation of microplastics in marine environments, particularly among the invertebrates that are essential to aquatic food webs, there has been an increase in the number of concerns regarding the ecological and toxicological effects of microplastics. According to the most recent scientific findings and observations made in the field, the effects of microplastics on a number of different invertebrate species found in the ocean, such as mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, and cnidarians, are being investigated. Due to the fact that microplastics are so small and persistent, filter feeders and deposit feeders are able to easily consume them. This in turn leads to bioaccumulation and trophic transmission. This can have a knock-on effect on development, progeny, and survival rates, since it can cause physical blockages, lower feeding efficiency, and poor energy allocation. These are some of the detrimental effects that they can have after being digested. In organisms, exposure to microplastics can result in oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, disruption of the endocrine system, and genotoxicity. This is due to the fact that microplastics act as vectors for harmful additives and contaminants that are adsorbed onto them, such as heavy metals and persistent organic compounds. According to comparative research, the majority of the factors that determine vulnerability are feeding strategies and physiological characteristics that are tailored to a particular species. Bivalves and zooplankton are particularly susceptible to extinction. Alterations in behavior, changes in enzyme activity, and suppression of the immune system are all examples of sublethal repercussions that could put the functioning of the ecosystem and the stability of the population in jeopardy. The findings of this analysis indicate the important need for standardized testing procedures, improved monitoring of microplastic contamination, and the incorporation of ecotoxicological data into marine management plans by merging toxicological findings across taxonomic groups. Microplastics are more than simply pollutants; they are novel toxicological stressors that jeopardize marine biodiversity and the lifespan of ocean ecosystems, according to the findings, which add to the growing body of data showing microplastics are more significant than pollutants.
The Rhetoric of Persuasion in Qur'anic Discourse: Surah Al-Ma'un as a Model
This research seeks to explore the mechanisms of the rhetoric of persuasion in Qur'anic discourse, taking Surah Al-Ma'un as an applied model, through a rhetorical-argumentative approach that transcends the purely aesthetic view of rhetoric to consider it as a persuasive communicative act aimed at the receiver. The research is based on the hypothesis that Qur'anic inimitability (I'jaz) is not only manifested in the aesthetics of composition, but also in its superior ability to employ rhetorical and argumentative energies to build a coherent persuasive discourse that reshapes the receiver's worldview. The theoretical aspect focuses on rooting the concept of the rhetoric of persuasion in both Arab and Western heritage, distinguishing between persuasion and argumentation, with a focus on argumentation theory in the New Rhetoric. The applied aspect analyzes Surah Al-Ma'un phonetically, morphologically, syntactically, and semantically, revealing its synergistic persuasive strategies, such as the oath structure, syntactic shifts, the technique of contrast-based imagery, pronoun shifts, and rhythmic engineering. The research concludes that Surah Al-Ma'un represents a unique model of condensed persuasive discourse that achieves its goal through the synergy of rhetorical, argumentative, and aesthetic mechanisms, transcending mere information to profoundly impact the mind and conscience
Butterfly Diversity in Tropical Forests and the Impact of Habitat Fragmentation
Major factors of habitat fragmentation, including deforestation, agricultural expansion, and urbanization, provide a significant threat to the biodiversity of tropical ecosystems. Butterflies are particularly vulnerable to the destruction and fragmentation of forest ecosystems due to their role as sensitive bioindicators of climate change. Field surveys, species richness evaluations, and landscape ecology frameworks were utilized in this study to investigate how habitat fragmentation affects butterfly diversity in tropical forests. Fragmentation drastically lowers community composition, species richness, and abundance. This is most harmful to butterflies that are specialists or rely on forests for their survival. Reduced functional diversity and biotic homogeneity may result from fragmented landscapes supporting more edge-adapted and generalist species. Important ecological processes such as dispersal, host plant availability, and microclimatic stability are disrupted, altering species interactions and reducing the likelihood of specialized species' survival.
New Writing and the Questions of Modernity: Between the Western and the Arab Concept
This study examines the concept of new writing in both Western and Arab literary criticism. It aims to compare the philosophical and critical foundations that shaped this concept through the writings of Roland Barthes, Julia Kristeva, Jacques Derrida, and Adonis. The study adopts descriptive-analytical and comparative approaches. The findings reveal that Western criticism conceptualizes writing as a productive space for meaning and textual plurality, whereas Arab criticism reinterprets these ideas within the cultural context of Arabic literary modernity. The study concludes that new writing represents a modern critical project founded on creativity, openness, and the transformation of literary discourse.
Quantum Feedback Control and Quantum Measurements
Particularly in the domains of control and measurement, quantum systems display peculiar behaviors dictated by rules different from classical physics. Quantum measurement and feedback control are the main topics of this study, which delves into both the theory and practice of these areas. The intrinsic probabilistic character of quantum states causes measurement in quantum mechanics to disturb the state of a system. Opportunities and challenges for understanding and managing quantum states arise from this disruption, which is typically characterized by the collapse of the wave function. How measurements impact quantum states and what function measuring devices play in this process is the subject of quantum measurement theory. One technique to use measurement's disruptive effects for coherent quantum activities is through feedback control mechanisms. Stabilization, state preparation, and improved coherence times are made possible via feedback control, which constantly monitors and adjusts quantum systems according to measurement results. Quantum state tomography, quantum error correction, and real-time manipulation of qubits are a few examples.
The Significance, Types, And Symptoms of Dyslexia -A Theoretical Approach from Terminology to Diagnosis and Treatment-
This study aimed to define the significance and nature of dyslexia, a learning disorder that affects reading and writing skills. It can take many forms, including phonological dyslexia, which is a difficulty associating spoken sounds with written symbols, making it difficult to decode words; surface dyslexia, which is a difficulty recognizing words in visual form, affecting the ability to read quickly; and visual dyslexia, which is a difficulty processing visual information, which can lead to problems recognizing or remembering words. The manifestations of dyslexia vary from one individual to another, but often include difficulty decoding words, reading fluently, and spelling. Problems with reading aloud, where the person may have difficulty understanding what they read and avoid reading and writing. There is no definitive cure for dyslexia, but early intervention and Personalized therapies can help manage symptoms and improve reading skills. Educational interventions can also help manage Symptoms and improve reading skills. The use of personalized educational methods, such as phonics training, can help improve reading skills, and behavioral and cognitive therapy can help address negative feelings associated with dyslexia and improve self-confidence. Psychological Support: It is important to provide psychological support to the child and their family, as dyslexia can affect emotional and social health. Modifying the Learning Environment: The learning environment can also be adapted to meet the child's needs, such as providing extra time for exams or dividing tasks into smaller steps. The study concluded with proposals and recommendations that encourage concerted efforts and attention to this segment of society and finding optimal ways to care for these cases. Early detection of this condition leads to better outcomes for these students, as appropriate attention is provided by preparing specialized teachers to deal with them and specialists trained to design successful treatment programs for those with learning difficulties.
Effects of Hydrotherapy on The Elderly's Gait and Balance Motor Neuron Disease Patients
A degenerative neurological disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD) gradually diminishes one's ability to walk normally and maintain one's balance. Therefore, PD increases the risk of falls and decreases quality of life in older individuals. One promising approach to these problems is aquatic therapy, which takes advantage of the physical properties of water to encourage and resist movement. Can elderly adults with Parkinson's disease improve their gait and balance through water therapy? Individuals took part in a twelve-week organized aquatic treatment program as part of a randomised controlled trial. Functional mobility, gait speed, and balance were evaluated before and after the program. Results show that swimming therapy significantly improves balance, decreases gait asymmetry, increases mobility, and boosts confidence in doing daily tasks. Resistance training enhances muscular power and coordination, while being buoyant in water lessens the likelihood of falling. Water therapy is a safe and effective addition to traditional rehabilitation for improving gait and balance in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease.
Didactic Strategies for Enhancing English Language Learning
English language learning has become an essential component of education in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world. Despite the widespread adoption of English as an international language, many learners continue to encounter significant challenges in developing communicative competence, critical thinking, and autonomous learning skills. These challenges often stem from traditional teacher-centered instructional approaches that emphasize grammar memorization and examination performance rather than meaningful language use. Consequently, there is a growing need for effective didactic strategies that promote learner engagement, interaction, collaboration, and the practical application of language knowledge. This paper examines contemporary didactic strategies that contribute to enhanced English language learning by integrating pedagogical theories with classroom practices. It explores learner-centered instruction, communicative language teaching, task-based language teaching, collaborative learning, differentiated instruction, technology-enhanced learning, formative assessment, and reflective teaching practices. Drawing upon constructivist and sociocultural perspectives, the study highlights how carefully designed instructional strategies foster language acquisition by encouraging authentic communication, problem-solving, creativity, and learner autonomy. The discussion also addresses the role of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, multimedia resources, and online learning platforms in supporting personalized and interactive language learning experiences. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the importance of teacher professional development, curriculum innovation, and continuous assessment in creating effective learning environments. It argues that successful English language teaching requires flexible didactic approaches that respond to learners' linguistic, cultural, and cognitive differences while promoting inclusive education. Ultimately, adopting evidence-based didactic strategies enhances students' motivation, language proficiency, and lifelong learning competencies. The study concludes that modern English language education should move beyond traditional instructional methods toward innovative, learner-centered pedagogies capable of preparing students for academic, professional, and intercultural communication in the twenty-first century.
Role of Physiotherapy in Enhancing Mobility in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Patients who suffer from multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurological disorder that is persistent, experience considerable limitations in their movement, balance, and overall quality of life. Through the treatment of muscle weakness, stiffness, and coordination difficulties, physiotherapy is an essential component in the management of the physical deficits that are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Physiotherapy interventions are designed to increase functional mobility, reduce fatigue, and promote independence in day-to-day activities. These goals are accomplished through the development of individualised treatment regimens. an examination of the effectiveness of physiotherapy in improving mobility for individuals with multiple sclerosis, with a particular emphasis on evidence-based methods such as gait training, strength training, balancing exercises, and task-specific functional activities respectively. Furthermore, it emphasises the significance of adaptive methods and assistive technologies in order to address the various degrees of disability that are associated with multiple sclerosis. Studies have shown that continuous physiotherapy not only improves motor function but also reduces the risk of secondary problems, such as joint stiffness and deconditioning, which can make mobility difficulties even more difficult to manage. Physiotherapy makes a vital contribution to the holistic management of multiple sclerosis (MS) by encouraging patients to lead active lifestyles and developing patient confidence. This results in an improvement in both the patient's physical and psychological well-being.
The Qur'anic Vision of the Religious Other: From Doctrinal Difference to Human Coexistence
The unprecedented global interconnectedness brought about by globalization and technological advancement has given rise to numerous challenges confronting humanity. Among the most prominent of these are the concepts of peaceful coexistence and the related issues of equality, freedom of religion, the rights of minorities, and human rights in general. Religious communities, caught between internal exclusivism and apprehension toward the other, have long resisted the idea of diversity, viewing it as a direct threat to their identity and existence. Within the Islamic context, much ink and indeed much blood has been shed between the implications of "To you your religion, and to me mine" and the assertion that "Indeed, the religion in the sight of Allah is Islam." This article examines the Qur'anic text with regard to the concepts of tolerance and difference, while exploring how these two notions have been systematically distorted by fundamentalist readings that focus on the literal appearance of scriptural texts while disregarding their historical contexts and humanitarian objectives. It is precisely here that the divergence emerges between a purposive religious interpretation and a fundamentalist approach driven by narrow sectarian objectives.
The Importance of Physical Therapy for Improving Mobility in MS Patients
People with multiple sclerosis (MS), a degenerative neurological disease, have severe difficulties with mobility, equilibrium, and general well-being. One of the most important parts of managing the physical impairments caused by multiple sclerosis (MS) is physiotherapy, which helps with things like muscle stiffness, weakness, and coordination issues. The goals of physiotherapy are to improve functional mobility, lessen weariness, and foster autonomy in doing daily tasks. Individualised therapy regimens are developed to achieve these goals. a review of the literature on the improvement of mobility in MS patients by physiotherapy, with a focus on evidence-based approaches including gait training, strength training, balancing exercises, and task-specific functional activities. It goes on to say that adaptive approaches and assistive technologies are crucial for dealing with the different levels of disability caused by multiple sclerosis. Research has demonstrated that ongoing physical therapy has multiple benefits, including enhanced motor function and a decreased likelihood of complications including deconditioning and joint stiffness, which can exacerbate mobility issues. By fostering self-assurance and motivating patients to lead active lives, physiotherapy plays an essential role in the comprehensive care of multiple sclerosis (MS). Because of this, the patient's physical and mental health are enhanced.
The concept of quality of life is considered one of the commonly used concepts; however, despite this, formulating an accurate definition of it is relatively difficult. This is due to the following reasons: The novelty of the concept in terms of scientific investigation. The diversity of fields and disciplines that may use this concept, and consequently, its lack of restriction to a specific area of life or a particular scientific specialization. (Amal Bouaicha, 2014, p. 70). Nevertheless, scholars and researchers have made efforts to establish precise and comprehensive concepts of quality of life, particularly in the field of psychology
Studying Electrochemical Reactions for Energy Storage and Conversion
The development of renewable energy systems that are sustainable, efficient, and long-lasting relies heavily on electrochemical processes, which are also the basis of many modern energy storage and conversion technologies. energy storage devices like fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors, as well as energy conversion processes like electrolysis, rely on electrochemical reactions. In order to increase the capacity, efficiency, and lifetime of energy storage, this article delves into the basic concepts of electrochemical reactions, including ion mobility, redox processes, and electron transport. the most recent developments in electrochemistry, showcasing electrochemical capacitors and high-performance supercapacitors, and advancements in battery chemistry, covering flow, solid-state, and lithium-ion batteries. With an eye on how these can lead to cleaner, more sustainable power generation, the essay also covers electrochemical energy conversion techniques. Some examples of these methods include fuel cells for electricity generation and water electrolysis for hydrogen synthesis. Plus, our solutions are cost-effective, long-lasting, efficient, and expandable. Ultimately, the research proves that electrochemical processes are essential for creating sustainable energy solutions on a global scale and for constructing energy systems that are both highly efficient and scalable.
An Exploration of Self-Regulation Strategies Used by EFL Learners to Foster Autonomous Learning
The growing emphasis on learner-centered approaches in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education has highlighted the importance of learner autonomy as a key factor in successful language learning. Autonomous learners are expected to take responsibility for their learning by setting goals, monitoring progress, and evaluating outcomes. In this context, self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies have emerged as essential mechanisms that enable learners to manage and direct their own learning processes effectively. This study aims to explore the self-regulation strategies used by EFL learners to develop and sustain autonomous learning. To achieve these objectives, the study adopts an exploratory quantitative research design. Data are collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 46 EFL learners enrolled at five levels at Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS)-Ouargla in Algeria. The findings confirms that learners possess a strong awareness of autonomous learning and demonstrate positive attitudes toward taking responsibility for their learning. The study further reveals that participants make substantial use of self-regulation strategies across the three core phases of self-regulated learning: planning, monitoring, and evaluation. Learners frequently engage in planning their learning activities, setting goals, organizing resources, monitoring their comprehension and progress, identifying and correcting errors, and evaluating their performance to enhance future learning outcomes. These behaviors reflect a strong level of metacognitive awareness and demonstrate learners’ ability to take an active role in managing and directing their own learning process. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on learner autonomy and self-regulated learning by providing insights into how EFL learners manage their learning independently. It also offers pedagogical implications for teachers seeking to foster autonomy through the integration of self-regulation strategies in language learning contexts.
Water Filtering Innovations and Chemical Pollutant Impacts
The release of chemical contaminants into water sources poses a significant threat to both ecosystems and humans. When untreated effluent, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste pollute freshwater resources, it has numerous negative consequences, such as lowering water quality, making water-borne diseases more common, and endangering aquatic ecosystems. dangerous compounds, especially those with a track record of impacting the endocrine system, like heavy metals, pesticides, drugs, and others that fit that description. To make matters worse, these pollutants have the ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic creatures, which ultimately endangers both human and environmental health. In addition, the essay delves into the topic of emerging water filtering technologies that are being worked on to mitigate the impact of these pollutants. There are a number of innovative and encouraging approaches to cleaning polluted water, including bioremediation, membrane filtration, nanotechnology, and enhanced oxidation procedures. When it comes to inexpensive, scalable, and sustainable solutions, it makes no difference whether a country is developed or underdeveloped. problems including secondary pollution, power requirements, and waste management can develop as a result of using these technologies. highlighting the current and future state of water purification, highlighting the critical need for new strategies to combat the increasing risk of chemical pollution to our valuable water resources.
The Reality of Organizational Obstacles in the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences at University of Batna 1: A Field Study From The Perspective of Faculty Members
This research aims to reveal the level of organizational constraints in the Faculty of Human and Social Sciences at the University of Batna 01, focusing on four axes: leadership pattern, communication and information pattern, centralization of decisions, and working conditions. To achieve this goal, we conducted a descriptive field study of a sample of professors that were estimated to be 60 professors were chosen by chance from the total of 203 a professor, and after distributing and retrieving the questionnaire, the results were as follows: the level of organizational obstacles in the leadership pattern axis is greater than the hypothesis average, the level of organizational obstacles in the communication and information pattern is greater than the hypothetical average, ,The level of organizational obstacles in the axis of centrality of decisions is greater than the hypothetical average, the level of organizational obstacles in the axis of work conditions is less than the hypothetical average.
Advanced Electric Vehicle Battery Technologies: Lithium-Ion and Solid-State Batteries Comparison
The increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs), whose efficiency and durability are directly correlated to the capacity of their batteries, has spurred significant advancements in this area of technology. conducted a study contrasting lithium-ion batteries and solid-state batteries, the two main types of electric car batteries. The development of electric vehicles has been largely supported by lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost, high energy density, and optimal charge/discharge efficiency. Scientists are investigating solid-state batteries as an alternative to liquid electrolytes due to the former's drawbacks in safety, cycle life, and energy density. evaluation of their current forms with respect to their practicality, efficiency, longevity, energy density, and security criteria. Additionally, it highlights recent breakthroughs in SSB technology that may assist in overcoming present commercialization obstacles. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the future of the electric car battery business. It will focus on the pros and cons of current Li-ion technology as well as the revolutionary potential of Solid-State Batteries.
Stylistic and Cultural Structure and Its Manifestations in Children's Literature
This study examines a range of stylistic dimensions in children's stories, or children's literature. The first section considers the linguistic space, focusing on how syntactic structures shape the story's artistic architecture. Particular attention is given to causal constructions, which connect the causes of narrative events to their consequences, and to circumstantial constructions, which reveal the characters' psychological fabric. The linguistic space also encompasses the effect of artistic imagery on the child reader's imaginative horizon, the artistic techniques used in dialogue, and the influence of popular expressions on the story's linguistic texture. The first section concludes by examining the semantic and psychological dimensions of body language. The second section is devoted to event space. It traces the construction of the clustered event along two paths: a sequential path, which accelerates and develops the event, and a generative path. It also examines imagistic events expressed through auditory, chromatic, and luminous imagery. The third section addresses character space by examining the relationship between characters' names and attributes, the combination of human and nonhuman characters, and the early and gradual disclosure of characters' psychological and behavioral composition. It concludes with an examination of the symbolic character. The fourth section investigates the story's temporal space, particularly the techniques of organized time and temporal leaps. The fifth section examines the stylistic techniques used to shape the story's ending. The sixth section connects the present text with the absent text by tracing the cultural references that link the narrative to its external context, especially religious and heritage-based intertextuality. The seventh section examines the visual configuration of the narrative text and the semantic interrelationship between the story's language and its accompanying illustrations. The eighth section reveals the cultural knowledge embedded in nature-related vocabulary through children's spring excursions, which are used to construct a lexicon of plant names. This concise botanical lexicon enriches children's knowledge in accordance with the educational level established by the story and lays the foundation for future awareness of plant life. The ninth section examines the cultural and educational dimension of children's stories to lay the foundations for biological knowledge, a field that writers of children's stories should not overlook. The study concludes with a tenth section that examines the system of spiritual and social values in children's poetry.
THE HUMANISM OF EMIR ABDELKADER: BETWEEN MILITARY LEADERSHIP AND MORAL VALUES
Emir Abdelkader represents an exceptional chapter in the modern history of Algeria—one that time cannot erase from the cultural and intellectual consciousness. He embodied the highest levels of awareness, offering exemplary lessons in dialogue and tolerance while remaining steadfast in his national and humanistic principles. Combining his leadership capabilities in the military domain with a commitment to sublime moral values, he proved to be a seasoned military leader against French colonialism. Concurrently, he firmly established humanistic principles, vividly manifested in his solicitude for civilians, recognition of captives' rights, and remarkable humanitarian posture during the 1860 Levant crisis (Fitnat al-Shām). Renowned for his tolerance across diverse circumstances and his advocacy for interfaith dialogue, his thought contributed significantly to entrenching the principles of human rights and peaceful coexistence.
The Semantic Shift in the Vocabulary of Hadith Scholars Between Lexical Concepts and Hadith Terminology: A Study of Points of Convergence and Divergence
This study traces the semantic shift in Hadith terminology between lexical concepts and technical usage, demonstrating how grasping this relationship prevents methodological errors during critical application. The study addresses a central problematic: overlooking the areas of convergence and divergence between linguists and Hadith scholars leads researchers—especially non-specialists—into interpretive fallacies and flawed critical judgments. "Employing a comparative, inductive-analytical approach, the research is divided into two applied sections. The first examines 'points of convergence and integration' through the models of al-Shādh, al-Muḍṭarib, and al-Da‘īf. The second investigates 'points of divergence and separation' via the models of al-Munkar (the denounced), al-Gharīb, and al-Ma‘lūl." The findings reveal that while Hadith terminology maintained flexibility, the critical craft necessitated an epistemological break from lexical usage to set rigorous acceptance criteria. Consequently, the study recommends that non-specialists in Islamic and human sciences isolate the psychological impact of lexical terms and deconstruct semantic overlap to safeguard scholarly research from the pitfalls of preconceived judgments
Research Title: Social Bonds in Robert D. Putnam’s Theory: Understanding the Dynamics of Social Influence
The social bond is one of the most pivotal concepts in sociology; it addresses the nature of relationships emerging between individuals within societies, the values ​​and norms—forming the social fabric—that arise from these relationships, and the capacity for cooperation and solidarity. Robert David Putnam is a prominent scholar of the social bond; he has extensively studied social capital, offering both quantitative and qualitative analyses regarding the decline of the social bond in Western societies. In his study, Putnam focused on the concept of social capital as a fundamental element for understanding social ties; he distinguished between various types of ties, illustrating their roles in either strengthening or weakening the social fabric. This article clarifies the concept of the social tie and its components according to Robert David Putnam, as well as its relationship to social capital, while analyzing the manifestations and causes of its decline to foster a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of social ties.
Support for Ayurvedic Cancer Treatment with Herbal Formulations
As an adjunct to conventional cancer treatment, Ayurvedic cancer care takes a more comprehensive approach. Herbal formulations are the main emphasis of this therapy, which aims to improve the health and welfare of cancer patients. Several tenets and herbal formulations underpin Ayurvedic cancer treatment. Countless people across the globe are impacted by the complex and devastating disease known as cancer. Another unique perspective on cancer treatment is offered by Ayurveda, a historic Indian medicinal practise. By incorporating herbal formulations and lifestyle modifications into cancer therapy, Ayurvedic practitioners aim to improve quality of life, decrease side effects of conventional treatment, and potentially improve treatment outcomes. It is possible to achieve these objectives.
‘Popular Heritage and the Transmission of the Forbidden in the Algerian Novel’: From Colonialism to the Black Decade
The Algerian novel has employed popular heritage as a means of transmitting the forbidden through significant historical milestones. In this context, popular heritage has adapted to new developments and socio-cultural transformations that characterise each stage. This study demonstrates that although popular heritage remains a fixed artistic tool in Algerian novels, its function changes as the forbidden changes and its significance varies from one period to another. During the colonial era, such heritage was utilised to protect and defend identity (as in the novel Nedjma). After independence, it shifted to become a means of critiquing the legitimacy of the ruling national authority and the effectiveness of its development projects (as in the novel Al-Zilzal/The Earthquake). Finally, during the Black Decade, popular heritage became a refuge for processing the trauma of violence and unveiling religious practices that produced a reactionary conception of religion (as in the novel Lady of the Station). Overall, the study reflects the flexibility and deep integration of popular heritage within the Algerian novel. There, it functions as a vehicle for collective memory and a means of connecting with Algerian national history. It also foregrounds an artistic and aesthetic awareness that enriches the literary field.
Astrology in the Digital Age: Transformation of Traditional Practices
Digital technology has transformed the way traditional knowledge systems are accessed, interpreted, shared, and commercialized. Astrology, which has historically relied on printed texts, face-to-face consultations, and established cultural practices, has increasingly moved into websites, mobile applications, social media, automated birth-chart systems, and online consultations. This paper examines the transformation of astrology in the digital age, focusing on the transition from traditional practices to digital platforms, personalized astrology, social media communities, mobile applications, online consultations, commercialization, accessibility, cultural change, and critical perspectives. Digital technology has increased the speed and accessibility of astrological information while also changing how users interact with astrologers and astrological content. Automated systems can generate personalized interpretations, while social media encourages short-form and highly shareable astrology content. These developments have expanded the visibility of astrology but may also simplify complex traditions and introduce commercial or algorithmic influences. The paper argues that digital astrology represents both continuity and transformation: traditional concepts remain recognizable, but their forms of communication, consumption, and social participation have changed significantly. A balanced understanding requires attention to both technological innovation and the cultural context of astrological practices.
Anthropological Explorations of French Travelers and Their Study of Epidemics in the Southwestern Algerian Region in the 19th Century AD
This study addresses a set of explorations by French travelers in the southwestern Algerian region which combined social and health life in the region with a focus on their study of customs, traditions, epidemics and diseases that were widespread in the region. It highlights how these journeys combined a scientific and medical character on the one hand and colonial objectives on the other as French travelers and doctors sought to understand the social structure patterns of living and health habits of the local population. The study also shows that the study of epidemics such as plague cholera and fever was not merely a medical concern but a tool for understanding society and controlling it as travelers linked the spread of diseases to the environment climate and cultural practices of the local population. The French occupation exploited the health situation to increase its intervention in the region.
The Evolution of Astrology from Traditional Practice to Modern Lifestyle
Astrology has undergone substantial changes in the way it is practiced, communicated, consumed, and understood. Once closely connected with traditional systems of celestial observation, calendars, religious practices, courts, and specialist practitioners, astrology has gradually entered mass media and, more recently, digital and social-media environments. This paper examines the evolution of astrology from traditional practice to a component of modern lifestyle. It focuses on historical foundations, printed and broadcast media, digital transformation, personalization, social media, identity, entertainment, commercialization, and contemporary cultural meaning. The transition to digital platforms has increased accessibility and transformed astrology into an interactive and personalized experience. Users can obtain birth charts, daily horoscopes, compatibility readings, and planetary interpretations instantly through websites and mobile applications. Social media has further integrated astrology into conversations about identity, relationships, lifestyle, and self-reflection. Despite these changes, many traditional concepts remain recognizable. The paper argues that modern astrology is best understood as a process of continuity and adaptation rather than a complete break with the past. Its contemporary relevance reflects the ability of cultural practices to change form while retaining symbolic meanings and social functions.
The Isrāʾ and Miʿrāj Narratives and Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy: A Critical Study of Miguel Asín Palacios’s Influence Hypothesis
Italy maintained close historical and civilizational ties with the Islamic world during the Middle Ages. It was therefore among the Western countries with the strongest links to the Near East. Arabic culture and Eastern languages received substantial attention through translation and publication. This exchange fostered an intellectual revival and an exceptional literary experience in Europe. This study examines the Isrāʾ and Miʿrāj narratives in relation to Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy. It offers a critical assessment of Miguel Asín Palacios’s hypothesis of influence. The discussion focuses on the three parts of Dante’s poem: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. It rereads the work through the thesis advanced by the Spanish Arabist Miguel Asín Palacios. In particular, it considers whether Dante drew on the miracle of the Isrāʾ and Miʿrāj and on Islamic literary heritage, including the writings of Ibn ʿArabī and Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī. The study also provides a balanced critique of Palacios’s method. It reviews the scholarly controversy surrounding his hypothesis and later discoveries, such as the Book of Muhammad’s Ladder. It concludes by identifying directions for future research in this field.
The Influence of Cultural Beliefs on Alternative Medicine Practices
Cultural beliefs play an important role in shaping how people understand health, illness, healing, and acceptable forms of treatment. Traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine practices are often embedded within cultural histories, family traditions, community knowledge, and personal philosophies. This paper examines the influence of cultural beliefs on alternative medicine practices, focusing on cultural identity, family and community influence, beliefs about nature and healing, trust, patient autonomy, accessibility, health information, professional relationships, and contemporary integration. WHO defines traditional medicine as systems and practices originating in diverse historical and cultural contexts and emphasizes culturally respectful, evidence-based and safe approaches to integration. Research also indicates that motivations for traditional and complementary medicine use can include cultural traditions, personal preferences, and perceptions of effectiveness. A systematic review found that beliefs concerning control and participation, holistic views of illness, natural treatments, and broader philosophies of life can predict complementary and alternative medicine use. Recent policy research further emphasizes cultural relevance as a facilitator of TCIM use. The paper argues that cultural beliefs should be respected as an important influence on healthcare behaviour while distinguishing cultural meaning and personal preference from scientific evidence of effectiveness.
The Impact of Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies on Enhancing Academic Achievement among Students of Arabic in Higher Education
This paper examines the concepts of linguistic intelligence and artificial intelligence, highlighting the roles they can play in developing human capabilities and enhancing the quality of university education, particularly in the field of Arabic. It presents a range of definitions showing that artificial intelligence is fundamentally based on the simulation of human behaviour through technologies such as machine learning, data analysis, and the identification of underlying patterns in data. The paper also emphasises the importance of higher education as a fundamental pillar in serving society, fostering a culture of scientific research, and developing students’ linguistic and intellectual skills. In this context, it considers the potential of artificial intelligence to improve the educational process by supporting lesson preparation and providing personalised instruction that accounts for individual differences among students and is adapted to their varying abilities and levels. The paper also addresses the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of artificial intelligence in university teaching. Although artificial intelligence can improve learning approaches and broaden the scope of knowledge, it may also create challenges related to excessive reliance on such technologies and the potential weakening of human interaction within the educational environment. The paper concludes that artificial intelligence constitutes an important qualitative contribution to the educational process without serving as a complete substitute for the central role of human beings in education.
The Application of Ayurvedic Principles in Modern Lifestyle Management
Modern lifestyles are increasingly characterized by long working hours, sedentary behaviour, irregular meals, insufficient sleep, digital exposure, and elevated levels of everyday stress. These conditions have increased interest in lifestyle-management approaches that emphasize prevention and holistic well-being. Ayurveda, a traditional Indian system of health knowledge, offers principles concerning daily routines, diet, rest, activity, personal care, and individualized approaches to maintaining balance. This paper examines the application of Ayurvedic principles in modern lifestyle management, focusing on daily routines, nutrition, sleep, physical activity, stress management, self-care, environmental awareness, personalization, and digital adaptation. Selected Ayurvedic lifestyle concepts may encourage greater awareness of everyday habits and support structured approaches to wellness. However, traditional concepts should be distinguished from scientifically established medical interventions, and specific Ayurvedic products or practices require careful evaluation for safety and effectiveness. The paper argues that Ayurveda can contribute to contemporary lifestyle discussions as a traditional and cultural framework, particularly in areas of routine, self-care, and preventive wellness, while responsible application requires evidence-informed choices and appropriate professional guidance.
Coordination in the Arabic Language: Between Rhetorical Theorization and the Modern Functional Linguistic Approach
Coordination has been examined in both classical and modern linguistic scholarship from a variety of perspectives. A comprehensive account of the phenomenon therefore requires attention to the particular analytical perspective adopted by each tradition. This study, entitled “Coordination in Arabic: A Comparative Study of Classical Rhetoric and Functional Grammar,” compares two traditions of linguistic inquiry: the classical Arabic linguistic tradition, with particular emphasis on rhetoric, and modern linguistic scholarship as represented by Functional Grammar theory. It focuses on the principal points of convergence and divergence between the two traditions to provide a more comprehensive account of coordination and contribute to a clearer understanding of the phenomenon in Arabic.
The Growing Popularity of Ayurveda in Global Healthcare Practices
Ayurveda has gained increasing visibility beyond India as interest in traditional, complementary, and integrative healthcare continues to expand. The World Health Organization recognizes traditional and complementary medicine as an important health resource and reports growing recognition of such systems within national health frameworks. Recent research also shows substantial growth in Ayurveda-related publications and increasing attention to its possible role in contemporary healthcare. This paper examines the growing popularity of Ayurveda in global healthcare practices, focusing on international interest, wellness and preventive health, personalized care, medicinal plants, research development, digital access, cultural exchange, regulation, and challenges to integration. Ayurveda's holistic orientation and emphasis on lifestyle may contribute to its appeal among people seeking complementary approaches to health. At the same time, the evidence base for specific Ayurvedic interventions remains heterogeneous, and concerns include standardization, safety, quality control, practitioner training, and differences in national regulation. The paper argues that Ayurveda's global growth should be understood as both a cultural and healthcare phenomenon. Sustainable integration requires rigorous research, pharmacovigilance, appropriate standards, culturally respectful practice, and clear communication about the evidence and limitations of individual interventions.
The Impact of Oxidative Stress on Cellular Function
Oxidative stress occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species and related reactive molecules exceeds the capacity of cellular antioxidant and repair systems to maintain redox balance. Reactive oxygen species are continuously generated through normal metabolism, particularly mitochondrial respiration, but they can also arise from inflammation, environmental exposures, and other cellular processes. At controlled concentrations, reactive oxygen species participate in signaling and adaptation; excessive or persistent production can damage lipids, proteins, DNA, and cellular membranes. This paper examines nine major aspects of oxidative stress, including reactive oxygen species generation, antioxidant defenses, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, cellular aging, and disease relevance. The discussion emphasizes that oxidative molecules are not exclusively harmful and that cellular effects depend on their concentration, location, duration, and biological context. Understanding redox regulation is therefore important for explaining normal cell signaling as well as pathological processes associated with excessive oxidative damage.
The Engineering of Attention as a Structure for Meaning Production: An Approach to Literary and Cinematic Narrative from the Perspective of Cognitive Narratology
This article examines the engineering of attention as a structure for producing meaning in literary and cinematic narrative, starting from the fundamental observation that narrative does not merely present events and characters; rather, it organizes the recipient’s attention and directs their perception by controlling the arrangement of information, distributing significance among events, determining what is revealed and what is concealed, and deciding what is placed at the forefront of the scene and what is pushed into the margins. The research problem lies in revealing how narrative techniques—such as anachrony, prolepsis and analepsis, omission, repetition, and the multiplicity of points of view in literary texts, as well as the camera, editing, lighting, sound, and shot movement in cinematic narrative—are transformed from artistic tools for organizing the story material into cognitive mechanisms that contribute to shaping the recipient’s expectations, emotions, and interpretations. The quality and depth of the approach derive from its move beyond a technical perspective that studies these elements separately, toward an analysis of their cognitive and semantic functions. Prolepsis and analepsis, for instance, are not related merely to narrative time; they also reconstruct the recipient’s relationship with information. Omission does not represent a deficiency in storytelling; rather, it opens a space for inference and for filling in narrative gaps. Similarly, the camera, editing, lighting, and sound do not operate as neutral aesthetic elements, but as mechanisms that control the direction of the gaze and emotion and establish priorities within the scene. Critically, the article proceeds from a review of approaches that have reduced attention to suspense or visual attraction, or that have separated the analysis of literary narrative from the analysis of cinematic narrative without examining the shared logic governing the distribution of attention in both media. The research gap lies in the limited number of studies that bring together, within a single theoretical framework, cognitive narratology, attention analysis, and the comparison between literary and cinematic structures. It also lies in the insufficient connection between the organization of attention and the production of meaning as a result of the interaction between the text or film and the recipient’s cognitive activity. The study aims to develop a critical conception of the notion of “narrative attention engineering,” to analyze the mechanisms through which it is formed in novels and films, and to demonstrate its impact on the reorganization of the centrality of events, the formation of a mental model of the narrative world, and the direction of expectation, empathy, doubt, and interpretation. It also seeks to highlight the recipient’s role in reconstructing meaning and to challenge the treatment of the recipient as a passive consumer of discourse. The study adopts the descriptive-analytical method, the comparative method, and the cognitive approach to narratology by analyzing selected examples of novels and films according to indicators that include the distribution of information, the management of time, point of view, omission, repetition, camera angle, editing, sound, lighting, and the presumed responses of the recipient. The study concludes that the engineering of attention is not limited to ensuring the continuity of reception; it also performs a cognitive function by determining what acquires semantic value, as well as a critical function by directing the recipient’s vision toward relations of power, absence, memory, and identity. Narrative meaning is not fixed within the work alone; rather, it emerges through the relationship between narrative structure, the course of attention, and interpretation. The study further reveals that novels and films, despite the differences between their media, share the task of managing knowledge and expectation. However, the novel relies to a greater extent on language, the consciousness of the character, and inner time, whereas film employs the image, sound, editing, and visual space in constructing attention and meaning.
The Human Gut Microbiome and Its Role in Health
The human gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and their genetic material, that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. These microbial communities interact continuously with the host and contribute to digestion, nutrient metabolism, intestinal barrier function, immune regulation, and protection against invading organisms. The composition and activity of the gut microbiome are influenced by diet, age, medications, lifestyle, geography, and health status. Alterations in microbial communities have been associated with gastrointestinal, metabolic, inflammatory, and other diseases, although causal relationships remain an active area of research. This paper examines nine major aspects of the gut microbiome, including microbial diversity, metabolism, intestinal barrier function, immune interactions, diet, dysbiosis, disease associations, microbiome-based interventions, and emerging research approaches.
The Foundational Novel in Waciny Laredj Periodisation: The Late Style of the Algerian Novel
This study examines the problem of periodising the Algerian novel and identifying its foundational beginnings through a critical reading of Waciny Laredj’s project, which seeks to move beyond conventional schemes of periodisation that have confined the Algerian novel within theoretical models and Western-centred historical frameworks. It interrogates the relationship between literature, history, and society, maintaining that the emergence of the Algerian novel cannot be reduced either to a chronological sequence or to a single model regarded as an absolute point of departure.The study highlights the importance of returning to early and marginalised narrative texts and rereading them within their historical, cultural, and social contexts to uncover the continuity and distinctive character of Algerian narrative. It also examines Waciny Laredj’s position, which challenges the designation of Muhammad Husayn Haykal’s Zaynab as the sole point of origin of the Arabic novel. In his view, such a conception has led to the exclusion of an earlier Arab and Algerian narrative corpus and has created a rupture with Arab narrative memory.Drawing on the perspectives of Edward Said, Paul Ricœur, Michel Foucault, Niklas Luhmann, and others, the study emphasises the need to reconsider the concepts of beginning, continuity, rupture, periodisation, and cultural memory. It concludes that Waciny Laredj’s project represents a critical attempt to reconstruct Algeria’s cultural and narrative history from within while freeing it from a mode of periodisation shaped by a colonial perspective. Such an approach makes it possible to restore due recognition to marginalised foundational texts and to foreground both the distinctive character of the Algerian novel and its historical development.
The Impact of Genetic Diversity on Population Survival
Genetic diversity is the variation in genetic characteristics among individuals within a population. It provides the raw material on which natural selection acts and can influence a population's capacity to respond to environmental change, disease, habitat disturbance, and other ecological pressures. Populations with greater genetic variation may contain a wider range of traits that allow some individuals to survive and reproduce when conditions change. Conversely, low genetic diversity can increase the effects of inbreeding, reduce adaptive potential, and increase vulnerability to stochastic events. This paper examines nine major aspects of the relationship between genetic diversity and population survival, including sources of diversity, natural selection, adaptation, inbreeding, population bottlenecks, disease resistance, environmental change, conservation genetics, and future management strategies.
Beyond the Smile: Measuring Children’s Psychological well-being
Measuring children’s psychological well-being goes far beyond observing whether they appear happy or are smiling. It involves a holistic assessment of their inner functioning and their adaptation to the world. This concept encompasses essential dimensions such as emotional stability, self-confidence and the quality of relationships with peers and adults. It also includes the ability to engage in learning and overcome challenges, as well as the sense of having a recognized place. Unlike purely behavioral indicators, psychological well-being is a dynamic state that reflects the development of personal balance. Assessing it requires a multi-faceted approach, combining observations, interviews and validated tools, to capture the child’s own voice and subjective experience. Such measurements are crucial for preventing difficulties, promoting healthy development, and tailoring educational, social and therapeutic interventions.
The Role of DNA Replication in Maintaining Genetic Stability
DNA replication is an essential biological process that allows genetic information to be accurately transmitted from one cell generation to the next. Because even small replication errors can become permanent mutations, cells have evolved multiple mechanisms to maintain replication fidelity. These include accurate nucleotide selection by DNA polymerases, polymerase proofreading, post-replicative mismatch repair, and coordinated protection of replication forks. Reviews of replication fidelity show that DNA polymerase selectivity, 3′–5′ exonucleolytic proofreading, and mismatch repair operate together to keep mutation rates low. This paper examines the role of DNA replication in genetic stability, focusing on the replication process, polymerase fidelity, proofreading, mismatch repair, replication-fork stability, chromosomal integrity, mutation prevention, disease implications, and future research. Understanding these mechanisms is important because defects in replication fidelity and repair can contribute to genomic instability and human disease, including cancer.
Women’s Issues in Maghrebi Reformist Discourse during the Colonial Period: Between Renewal and Conservatism
This research paper examines the problem of women’s issues in Maghrebi reformist discourse during the colonial period, focusing geographically on Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. It sheds light on the two contrasting intellectual positions towards these issues: the emancipatory, reformative, and Enlightenment movement on the one hand, and the conservative reformist movement on the other. The study rests upon two primary axes: the first traces the question of women’s education as a vehicle for civilisational advancement and confronting colonialism, whilst the second analyses the intense intellectual and jurisprudence debate surrounding the 'dialectic of the veil (hijab) and unveilment (sufur)'. The paper concludes that the reformist movement succeeded in formulating a centrist approach that established women as a fundamental pillar of societal transformation without detaching them from their Islamic identity.
The Role of Pollinators in Maintaining Plant Biodiversity
Pollinators play a central role in the reproduction of many flowering plants and contribute substantially to the maintenance of plant diversity in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Bees, butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, birds, bats, and other animals transfer pollen between flowers, enabling fertilization and the production of seeds and fruits. Pollination can influence plant population persistence, genetic exchange, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. Declines in pollinator abundance and diversity caused by habitat loss, pesticides, disease, climate change, and other pressures may therefore affect plant biodiversity. This paper examines nine major dimensions of the relationship between pollinators and plant biodiversity, including pollination biology, pollinator diversity, plant reproduction, genetic variation, ecological networks, agricultural importance, threats, conservation, and future strategies.
The Didactics of Syntactic Rules from a Functional Perspective: From "Inflection as an End in Itself" to "Inflection in the Service of Meaning" in Communicative Discourse
This study examines the didactics of syntactic rules in secondary-school Arabic education from a functional perspective, with particular attention to the relationship between grammatical form, meaning, context, and communicative purpose. It addresses the persistent gap between learners’ ability to identify grammatical functions and case markers in isolated sentences and their ability to mobilize grammatical knowledge in the comprehension and production of coherent communicative texts. The study adopts a descriptive, analytical, and critical approach. It first describes major features of the traditional formalist treatment of grammar, then analyzes selected grammatical activities and communicative text-based practices in secondary-school Arabic instruction, and critically examines the extent to which these practices connect grammatical structures with meaning and contextual use. The analysis is further informed by concepts drawn from functional linguistics, pragmatics, and text linguistics, particularly communicative competence, information structure, syntactic cohesion, reference, ellipsis, and the functional role of inflection. The study argues that treating grammatical parsing primarily as an exercise in identifying formal markers may limit its communicative and interpretive value. From a functional perspective, inflection, constituent order, fronting and postponement, ellipsis, reference, and agreement can contribute to disambiguating meaning, organizing information, expressing communicative intentions, and establishing textual cohesion. On this basis, the study proposes a shift from sentence-centred grammar instruction towards text- and context-oriented practices in which grammatical analysis functions as a means of constructing and interpreting meaning. It recommends transforming grammar lessons into functional learning environments based on communicative situations, contextual analysis, textual reconstruction, comparative analysis, and guided text production.
The Role of Microorganisms in Human Health and Disease
Microorganisms are fundamental components of the human biological environment and include bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and other microscopic organisms. Many microorganisms coexist with humans without causing disease and contribute to digestion, metabolism, immune development, and protection against harmful organisms. The human microbiota is particularly important at body sites such as the gastrointestinal tract, skin, oral cavity, and respiratory system. At the same time, pathogenic microorganisms can cause infectious diseases, while disruptions in microbial communities may be associated with inflammatory, metabolic, and other chronic conditions. This paper examines nine major aspects of microorganisms in human health and disease, including the human microbiome, beneficial microbial functions, immune interactions, pathogenic microorganisms, antimicrobial resistance, microbiome imbalance, nutrition, probiotics and therapeutics, and emerging microbiome research.
Voiceprinting in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: From Linguistic Authentication to Linguistic Forgery
This study aims to uncover the impact of generative artificial intelligence on the voiceprint in falsifying vocal and linguistic identity, an issue that has become a pressing challenge in the fields of security, linguistic content production, cinematic production, and banking and financial transactions. It does so by reviewing the concept of the voiceprint and its levels, and by focusing on the most significant technical challenges posed by generative artificial intelligence. The study also addresses the principal methods used in detecting voice forgery and cloning. Methodologically, the study relies on the descriptive approach in collecting and analyzing material related to generative artificial intelligence in the domain of voiceprint cloning. The findings show that the application of artificial intelligence constitutes a technical challenge on its darker side, and confirm the importance of addressing these technical challenges through urgent legislation to control this technological revolution, and through the establishment of regulatory frameworks and methods that protect individuals from digital abuses — particularly those related to the hacking of vocal identity, linguistic forgery, and the production and cloning of voices identical to the intended human voice — while also making use of artificial intelligence technologies and applications, with an emphasis on their positive aspects and the avoidance of their negative effects.
The Role of Mitochondria in Cellular Energy Production
Mitochondria are essential organelles for cellular energy metabolism and play a central role in converting nutrients into usable chemical energy. Through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport, and ATP synthesis, mitochondria provide much of the ATP required for cellular processes. Mitochondria also participate in metabolic integration, redox regulation, calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, and cellular stress responses. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains the respiratory chain, which transfers electrons from reduced cofactors to oxygen and couples this process to proton translocation and ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can impair energy metabolism and is associated with a wide range of human diseases. This paper examines nine major aspects of mitochondrial energy production, including mitochondrial structure, pyruvate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthase, metabolic flexibility, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The discussion highlights the importance of mitochondria as both energy-producing organelles and central regulators of cellular physiology.
Psychological Hardiness Among the Elderly : A Theoretical Approach in Light of Health Psychology
Aging represents a developmental stage characterized by a set of psychological, social, and physical transformations that may impose new patterns of adaptation on the individual. With advancing age, the elderly may face a relative decline in physical abilities, the emergence of some chronic diseases, the loss of close people, a change in social and professional roles, in addition to the possibility of feeling isolated or decreased independence. In this context, psychological toughness emerges as one of the psychological resources that helps the individual confront pressures and deal with them in a more adaptive manner. Hardiness gains special importance in the field of health psychology because it is linked to how the individual perceives health pressures, his interpretation of illness and physical changes, and his ability to maintain psychological balance in the face of difficult circumstances. Research on older adults has shown that positive psychological characteristics, including health-related hardiness, are associated with better indicators of perceived health.